Saturday 28 April 2018

Study of Processor principle and cooling system in computer.


The Processor
The CPU is also one of the most expensive components on the motherboard. It is a very delicate device and sensitive to ESD, thus it should be handled with care. The processor itself is a flat plate of silicon made up of millions of transistors etched on to the silicon plate to form a huge computer logic circuit.
A ceramic cover is placed over the micro-circuit to protect it and to conduct heat away to the heat sink. This protective ceramic covering will have print information of the processor type, speed, and other details.
Processor Manufacturers
Though Intel is the best known company in processor manufacturing, we have a wide range of processors from other manufacturers such as:
·         Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
·         VIA
·         Integrated Device Technology (IDT) - acquired by VIA
Each of these companies offer competitively priced processor chips with comparable performance to Intel processors. They also offer compatibility with Microsoft operating system software. In terms of processor technology advancement, these other manufacturers are also not left behind.
How the Processor Operates
The computer processor fetchesdecodes, and executes program instructions. A computer program consists of a series of steps called instructions which tell the computer what to do. Each instruction can be a basic arithmetic calculation or a logic operation. Before the program can be executed it is loaded into the working space (memory).
It is the job of the microprocessor, which is controlling the computer to fetch a program instruction from the memory, decode the instruction and then carry out any action that might be needed which is the execution process. It is the responsibility of the processor inside the computer to carry out the fetch-decode-execute cycle over and over again operating from the instructions it obtains from the main memory.
This fetch - decode - execute cycle is often referred to as the fetch - execute cycle.
The CPU uses a timing signal to be able to fetch and execute instructions. The timing signal is provided by the system clock. The clock speed is measured in Hz (cycles per second). In early processors speed was measured in Megahertz (MHz) is one million hertz (1 million cycles per second). Most of the computers we have today operate in the GHZ (Gigahertz) range. The clock speed varies from one computer processor to another.
Key Components Found Inside a Processor (CPU)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
This is the brain of the microprocessor. The ALU performs basic arithmetic calculations like adding, subtracting, multiplication and division of figures, it also performs logical operations like comparison of figures.

Control Unit (CU)

As the name suggests, this component controls all the functions that take place inside the processor itself. It instructs the ALU on which arithmetic and logical operation is to be performed. It acts under the direction of the system clock and sorts out all the internal data paths inside the processor to make sure that data gets from the right place and goes to the right place.

Register

Register also sometimes known as the accumulator, is a temporary storageposition where data coming from RAM heading to the processor for execution and data coming from the processor after processing is held. Thus a register is a local storage area within the processor that is used to hold data that is being worked on by the processor.

Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus)

This is the bus connecting the internal components of the processor to the motherboard. The size of the internal registers indicates how much information the processor can operate on at one time and how it moves data around internally within the chip.

External Data Path

This is the path (bus) used to fetch data from memory to the processor. In some cases the internal and external data buses are the same bit-size but in others, the external data bus can be either narrower or wider. The external data path is normally not as wide as the internal data path.

Address Lines

The address lines are used to specify the exact location in memory where data can be found. The standard PC is a binary device. Using the memory address bus, CPUs send out location information on their address lines (or control lines) and these address lines are routed to every other major component of the computer (memory, ROM, expansion bus etc).

Computer cooling systems, definition and functions

The phrase cooling in computing generally refers to the dissipation of large amounts of heat, which is created while a computer system is running. Heat is generated inside the computer tower by various hardware such as CPU,video card or even the hard drive. The objective of cooling is to maintain an optimal operating temperature and this can be achieved through various methods including the introduction of heat sinks and fans. Other cooling methods include liquid cooling and software cooling.

produced by computer components, to keep components within their safe operating temperature limits. Varied cooling methods are used to either achieve greater processor performance or to reduce the noise caused by cooling fans.
Most computers are equipped with as cheap cooling systems as possible: one or two noisy fans in a PC case, a processor is equipped with the standard cooling system. This approach has a right to life: you get sufficient, cheap, and very noisy cooling. How can you retain efficiency and reduce noise with heat conductor?
There is another extreme — complex technical solution: liquid (usually water) cooling, Freon cooling, special aluminum PC cases and advance computer cooling systems which dissipate heat with all its surfaces (they actually work as a heatsink). Such solutions are mandatory for some tasks: for example, for sound-recording studios, where computers must be absolutely noiseless



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